Which of the following are LONG TERM effects from exposure to ionizing radiation?

Long-term effects from exposure to ionizing radiation include a variety of health issues that can manifest years after the initial exposure. These effects can significantly impact a person's health and quality of life.

Embryological effects occur when a developing fetus is exposed to radiation, which can lead to developmental anomalies or increased risks for defects. This emphasizes the sensitivity of developing tissues to radiation and how such exposure can have lasting consequences that may not appear until later in life.

Cataracts are another potential long-term effect of ionizing radiation exposure. They involve the clouding of the lens in the eye, which can lead to vision impairment. Radiation-induced cataracts develop gradually and can lead to significant vision issues over time, illustrating how radiation can affect body processes on a long-term scale.

Life-span shortening refers to the overall reduction in life expectancy that can arise from significant radiation exposure. Studies have shown that individuals exposed to higher levels of ionizing radiation have a higher risk of developing cancer and other diseases that can lead to premature death.

Given that all of these conditions—embryological effects, cataracts, and life-span shortening—are well-documented long-term effects of ionizing radiation, the correct choice encompasses the cumulative risks associated with long-term exposure to this type of radiation