Which of the following can result from repeated exposure to ionizing radiation?

The correct answer highlights that long-term DNA changes can indeed result from repeated exposure to ionizing radiation. When living cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, the energy from the radiation can interact with the molecular structure of DNA. This interaction has the potential to cause mutations or other alterations to the genetic material.

Long-term exposure can lead to cumulative damage that isn't immediately apparent but may manifest over time as genetic mutations, which can contribute to cancer and other diseases later in life. These changes in DNA can affect cell function, potential reproduction, and lead to complications in biological processes.

Radiation sickness primarily results from acute exposure to high levels of radiation in a short period, which might not reflect repeated low-dose exposure. Immediate cellular death typically occurs with extremely high doses of radiation, which is not the focus when discussing repeated exposure scenarios. Therefore, while all the choices describe effects associated with radiation exposure, specifically focusing on long-term changes in DNA succinctly captures the risk associated with repeated, lower-dose exposure over time.