Which of the following is referred to as "technical errors" or "hardware errors"?

The term "technical errors" or "hardware errors" generally refers to issues that stem from the equipment or technical aspects of the radiographic process. In this context, if we consider the condition and usability of the hardware used in radiography, dirty or damaged cassettes fall directly into this category.

Cassettes play a critical role in the radiographic process by holding the film or digital detector and affecting the quality of the image produced. If a cassette is dirty, it can lead to artifacts on the image, which impairs diagnostic quality. Similarly, a damaged cassette can prevent proper exposure and lead to problems in the radiographic outcome, further compounding the issue.

While the other choices, such as using incorrect technical factors, improper collimation, or failure to measure the patient, may also significantly impact the quality and accuracy of radiographic images, they are not classified under "technical errors" or "hardware errors" as effectively as the condition of the cassettes. These alternatives primarily relate to the technique used during the radiography rather than the physical state of the equipment itself. Therefore, identifying dirty or damaged cassettes as "technical errors" aligns with the definition and implications of hardware-related issues in the radiographic setting.